Protect Yourself From Asthma Through Herbs !

Due to high increase in pollution and environmental heat many breathing problems in human beings have appeared in a small period of time. One of such dangerous problems is asthma. Many new cures have appeared into the market but the most promising one treatment is through herbs.

Most of people would not believe how herbs can be used to cure asthma. The herbs create antihistamine in the patient’s body which cures most of symptoms of asthma. A product like Herbal Grinder helps to get rid of asthma easily. This product is useful in first grinding the herbs into smaller molecules, and then secondly it can steam which if regularly given to the patient can cause a soothing effect and relief the person within a time of few days.

These herbs are so useful that if it highly known to people can change their lives completely. The vapors of such herbs through a Vaporizers are so useful that it can be proved is the most effective immunity for asthma. Some of the herbs such as Chinese herbs can very much effective if taken with vapors and can easily hampers and control the growth of asthma and even stops asthma attacks.

Aging makes people more liberal, not conservative

Washington, Mar 9 : A new research has debunked the long-held belief that people grow more conservative in their attitudes and political beliefs, as they age.

The research is the first to show that people 60 and over become more liberal faster as they age than does a younger cohort.

The study, conducted by sociologists Nicholas L. Danigelis and Stephen J. Cutler of the University of Vermont and Melissa Hardy a sociologist at Pennsylvania State University, strongly suggests that this long-held belief about older citizens being more rigid isn't true.

The study is based on U.S. General Social Survey data from 25 surveys between 1972 and 2004 that measure the changes in attitudes that occur within cohorts at different stages in life.

The political leanings of 46,510 Americans were examined with regard to how they felt about the political and economic roles of historically subordinate groups, e.g., women and African-Americans; the civil liberties of groups considered outside the U.S. mainstream, e.g., atheists and homosexuals; and privacy issues, e.g., right-to-die and sex between consenting adults.

Results showed that although change occurred in both the 18-39 and 60-and-over age groups, the movement among the older group was greater and was most often toward "increased tolerance rather than increased conservatism."

"It proves that some of the commonly held beliefs about older people being rigid and unwilling to change aren't true," said Danigelis.

"Clearly both cohorts changed, but the older one changed more dramatically. In other words, getting older makes you more conservative, but only if you're a younger person," he added.

Aging makes people more liberal, not conservative

Washington, Mar 9 : A new research has debunked the long-held belief that people grow more conservative in their attitudes and political beliefs, as they age.

The research is the first to show that people 60 and over become more liberal faster as they age than does a younger cohort.

The study, conducted by sociologists Nicholas L. Danigelis and Stephen J. Cutler of the University of Vermont and Melissa Hardy a sociologist at Pennsylvania State University, strongly suggests that this long-held belief about older citizens being more rigid isn't true.

The study is based on U.S. General Social Survey data from 25 surveys between 1972 and 2004 that measure the changes in attitudes that occur within cohorts at different stages in life.

The political leanings of 46,510 Americans were examined with regard to how they felt about the political and economic roles of historically subordinate groups, e.g., women and African-Americans; the civil liberties of groups considered outside the U.S. mainstream, e.g., atheists and homosexuals; and privacy issues, e.g., right-to-die and sex between consenting adults.

Results showed that although change occurred in both the 18-39 and 60-and-over age groups, the movement among the older group was greater and was most often toward "increased tolerance rather than increased conservatism."

"It proves that some of the commonly held beliefs about older people being rigid and unwilling to change aren't true," said Danigelis.

"Clearly both cohorts changed, but the older one changed more dramatically. In other words, getting older makes you more conservative, but only if you're a younger person," he added.

Now, a web based tool to predict bone fracture risk

Washington, Mar 9 : Elderly people would soon be able to predict their bone fracture risk with just a click of a button.

Scientists at Sydney-based Garvan Institute of Medical Research have created web-based tool called 'www.fractureriskcalculator.com', through which people over 60 years of age would be able to predict their individual fracture risk.

They have developed the tool with the help of the data from the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study accumulated over 17 years, including a combination of five factors such as sex, age, weight, history of prior fracture, number of falls in the past 12 months and bone mineral density.

"We have kept our model simple and easy to use. In addition to the web-based version, it is also available on paper as a nomogram, a simple graph which is easy for a clinician to complete," said Tuan Nguyen, lead researcher and associate professor at Garvan Institute of Medical Research.

The tool was developed in two stages. First, people from the Dubbo epidemiological study were separated into 'low risk' and 'high risk categories where their risk factors were combined in a statistical model, allowing scientists to derive the weighting for each risk factor.

For these analyses, the Dubbo population was split into two halves. Scientists derived the prognostic model from one half and then applied the model to the other half to ensure that it accurately predicted their fracture risk.

The tool has the potential to allow individuals to make informed judgments about their actual risk and take steps to reduce that risk.

Unconscious goal pursuit can help people achieve their targets

Washington, Mar 9 : We are often aware of our conscious decisions that help us achieve our goals, however to what extent we can count on our unconscious processes is something which still remains a mystery. But now, a new research has examined the benefit of non-conscious goal pursuit.

In the research, Hebrew University psychologists, Baruch Eitam, Ran Hassin and Yaacov Schul, examined the benefit of non-conscious goal pursuit, that is, moving toward a desired goal without being aware of doing so, in new environments.

Eitam and team argue that non-conscious goal pursuit can help people achieve their goals, even in a new environment, in which they have no prior experience.

In the first of two experiments, the research team had participants complete a word search task.

One half of the participants' puzzles included words associated with achievement, e.g. strive, succeed, first, and win, while the other half performed a motivationally neutral puzzle including words such as, carpet, diamond and hat.

Then participants performed a computerized simulation of running a sugar factory. Their goal in the simulation was to produce a specific amount of sugar. They were only told that they could change the number of employees in the factory.

Although participants were not told about the complex relationship that existed between the number of employees and past production levels (and could not verbalize it after the experiment had ended); they gradually grew better in controlling the factory.

As predicted, the non-consciously motivated participants (the group that had previously found words associated with achievement) learned to control the factory better than the control group.

In a second experiment the researchers replicated the findings by having participants perform a simple task of responding to a circle that repeatedly appeared in one of four locations.

They were not told that the circle (sometimes) appeared in a fixed sequence of locations. Non-consciously motivated participants had again (nonconsciously) learned the sequence better than control participants.

"Taken together, both studies suggest that the powerful, unintentional, mechanism of implicit learning is related to our non-conscious wanting and works towards attaining our non-conscious goals," the researchers said.

The study is published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.

Indoor tanning is not just for teenage girls

Washington, Mar 9 : Researchers at the Fox Chase Cancer Centre in Philadelphia have revealed that its not only teenage girls who tan indoors, even older adults do so as well, thereby raising concerns over increasing rates of skin cancer.

The team analysed the data on indoor tanning behaviours collected in 2005 as part of an annual health survey called the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS).

The survey revealed that while 20 percent of 18-39 year olds visited tanning beds, as many as 10 percent elderly between 50 and 64 years of age and eight percent of those older than 65 tanned indoors.

"Our results are concerning, especially given the increasing rates of skin cancer, including the deadliest form-melanoma," said Carolyn J. Heckman, Ph.D., a behavioural researcher at Fox Chase.

"Ninety percent of all skin cancers are thought to be associated with ultraviolet radiation, which is emitted during indoor tanning. There is a myth that indoor tanning is safer than sunbathing, but this is not the case," he added.

The survey of 29,394 adults revealed that most of those reporting indoor tanning were females.

Heckman said that the analysis was conducted to gain more knowledge about the prevalence and correlates of indoor tanning among adults.

"Most prior studies have targeted adolescents and young adults. This is the largest study to date investigating indoor tanning in a cohort extending throughout adulthood and we were surprised by how many older adults visit-tanning facilities.

"This is further evidence of the expanding popularity of indoor tanning despite the increased risks for skin cancer," he added.

"While the skin cancer susceptibility of older adults is rooted in the sun exposure of their earlier years, indoor tanning contributes to an individual's cumulative exposure and increases their skin cancer risk," said Dr Stuart Lessin, director of dermatology and the Melanoma Family Risk Assessment Program at Fox Chase.

Heckman hopes that their findings will help to inform public and health professionals who may think indoor tanning isn't a concern for adults.

The study is published online in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

The Five Most Important Powers Mid-life Women Must Use to Stay Young

1. Take control.

Aging is inevitable but getting old is strictly an option. Smartwomen don't buy into society's outdated model foraging; instead, they constantly grow and improve, defyingconvention and horse-and-buggy traditions and customs. If youdon't take charge of your life, and you just let life happen- life will just happen, and the result will be typical,fossilized old age we accept as normal.

Bottom line: Smart women decide how old they are going to be nomatter how old they actually are.

2. Inventory and monitor youthful characteristics.

Observe old people. What is it about their “oldness”you would like to avoid? How strong and flexible are you, mentallyand physically? Can you bend and touch your toes? Can you walk upstairs without becoming out of breath? Keep and improve what youcan, while you can! Youth makes us arrogant. Every day we see aseemingly unchanging image in the mirror that slips away even as weadmire what we see.

Bottom line: Smart women stay aware of what they have and workto keep it.

3. Plan your future.

By age 50, smart women have a plan for a healthy, productivesecond life at retirement age because they know they will probablylive to 100 or more. In 1950, there were a mere 2,300 centenarians.Today, there are over 40,000. By 2050 close to a million peoplewill be 100 or more.

Bottom line: Smart women maximize their future by protecting andbuilding their health, and visualizing their future.

4. Avoid the ultimate social disease.

No, it's not sexually transmitted, it's worse thanthat - it's self-inflicted, and it's calledretirement. Once you internalize that you are no longer productive,that you no longer have goals, decline sets in rapidly. Everythingslows - movement, reaction time, thinking, walking, talking.The mind and body go into a shutdown mode in preparation for thefinal event -- death.

Bottom line: Smart women rewire instead of retire.

5. Manage and fix correctable symptoms of aging.

For example, a slow shuffling gait, poor posture, unattractiveteeth, and uncorrected hearing loss. Invest time, effort, and moneywhere it matters: Buy a treadmill and use it daily to maintain ayouthful gait, cardiovascular fitness and weight control. Get on ananti-aging diet, and do weight-bearing exercise daily to staystrong and upright.

Bottom line: Smart women manage how they change with age.

10 Essential Health Tips (The Basics to Practice Every Day)

"He who has health has hope, and he who has hope has everything." -Arabian Proverb

1. Move More
Make it a daily challenge to find ways to move your body. Climb stairs if given a choice between that and escalators or elevators. Walk your dog; chase your kids; toss balls with friends, mow the lawn. Anything that moves your limbs is not only a fitness tool, it's a stress buster. Think 'move' in small increments of time. It doesn't have to be an hour in the gym or a 45-minute aerobic dance class or tai chi or kickboxing. But that's great when you're up to it. Meanwhile, move more. Thought for the day: Cha, Cha, Cha…. Then do it!

2. Cut Fat
Avoid the obvious such as fried foods, burgers and other fatty meats (i.e. pork, bacon, ham, salami, ribs and sausage). Dairy products such as cheese, cottage cheese, milk and cream should be eaten in low fat versions. Nuts and sandwich meats, mayonnaise, margarine, butter and sauces should be eaten in limited amounts. Most are available in lower fat versions such as substitute butter, fat free cheeses and mayonnaise. Thought for the day: Lean, mean, fat-burning machine…. Then be one!

3. Quit Smoking
The jury is definitely in on this verdict. Ever since 1960 when the Surgeon General announced that smoking was harmful to your health, Americans have been reducing their use of tobacco products that kill. Just recently, we've seen a surge in smoking in adolescents and teens. Could it be the Hollywood influence? It seems the stars in every movie of late smoke cigarettes. Beware. Warn your children of the false romance or 'tough guy' stance of Hollywood smokers. Thought for the day: Give up just one cigarette…. the next one.

4. Reduce Stress
Easier said than done, stress busters come in many forms. Some techniques recommended by experts are to think positive thoughts. Spend 30 minutes a day doing something you like. (i.e.,Soak in a hot tub; walk on the beach or in a park; read a good book; visit a friend; play with your dog; listen to soothing music; watch a funny movie. Get a massage, a facial or a haircut. Meditate. Count to ten before losing your temper or getting aggravated. Avoid difficult people when possible. Thought for the day: When seeing red, think pink clouds….then float on them.

5. Protect Yourself from Pollution
If you can't live in a smog-free environment, at least avoid smoke-filled rooms, high traffic areas, breathing in highway fumes and exercising near busy thoroughfares. Exercise outside when the smog rating is low. Exercise indoors in air conditioning when air quality is good. Plant lots of shrubbery in your yard. It's a good pollution and dirt from the street deterrent. Thought for the day: 'Smoke gets in your eyes'…and your mouth, and your nose and your lungs as do pollutants….hum the tune daily.

6. Wear Your Seat Belt
Statistics show that seat belts add to longevity and help alleviate potential injuries in car crashes. Thought for the day: Buckle down and buckle up.

7. Floss Your Teeth
Recent studies make a direct connection between longevity and teeth flossing. Nobody knows exactly why. Perhaps it's because people who floss tend to be more health conscious than people who don't? Thought for the day: Floss and be your body's boss.

8. Avoid Excessive Drinking
While recent studies show a glass of wine or one drink a day (two for men) can help protect against heart disease, more than that can cause other health problems such as liver and kidney disease and cancer. Thought for the day: A jug of wine should last a long time.

9. Keep a Positive Mental Outlook
There's a definitive connection between living well and healthfully and having a cheerful outlook on life. Thought for the day: You can't be unhappy when you're smiling or singing.

10. Choose Your Parents Well
The link between genetics and health is a powerful one. But just because one or both of your parents died young in ill health doesn't mean you cannot counteract the genetic pool handed you. Thought for the day: Follow these basic tips for healthy living and you can better control your own destiny.

Depakote or Divalproex(Anti Convulsant Pill)

Common uses
This medicine is an anti-convulsant used to control seizures. It may also be used to treat migraine headaches, manic episodes, and other conditions as determined by your doctor.

Before using
Warning: rarely, serious (possibly fatal) liver problems have occurred in patients using this drug. Children using this drug who are under the age of 2 years are at higher risk to experience liver problems, especially if they also have a severe seizure disorder along with mental retardation; are using more than one seizure control drug; have body process (metabolic) problems or have brain disorders. If used in these patients, this drug must not be used with additional seizure control drugs. Early signs of liver problems include loss of seizure control, vomiting, unusual tiredness/weakness, loss of appetite, yellowing eyes/skin, or swelling of the face.

Contact your doctor promptly if you develop any of these symptoms. Liver tests should be run before and during use of the drug. Rarely, serious (possibly fatal) pancreatitis (pancreas inflammation) has occurred during use of this medicine. It may progress quickly and may include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. Contact your doctor promptly if you develop any of these symptoms. Rarely, serious (possibly fatal) encephalopathy (decreased mental status) has occurred during use of this medicine. This has occurred in patients with a specific metabolic disorder (urea cycle disorder). Symptoms may include unusual weakness, vomiting, or mental changes. Contact your doctor promptly if you develop any of these symptoms. This drug may cause birth defects. Consult your doctor about the use of this medicine during pregnancy. Some medicines or medical conditions may interact with this medicine.

Inform your doctor or pharmacist of all prescription and over-the-counter medicine that you are taking. Additional monitoring of your dose or condition may be needed if you are taking barbiturates, benzodiazepines, or other medicine for seizures. Inform your doctor of any other medical conditions, allergies, pregnancy, or breast-feeding.

Use of this medicine is not recommended if you have a history of liver conditions, pancreatitis, or a certain metabolic disorder (urea cycle disorder). . Contact your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions or concerns about using this medicine.

Directions
Follow the directions for using this medicine provided by your doctor. Swallow whole. Do not break, crush, or chew before swallowing. This medicine may be taken with food if it upsets your stomach. Store this medicine at room temperature, away from heat and light.

If you miss a dose of this medicine and it is within 6 hours of the missed dose, take it as soon as possible. Take the remaining doses of the day at evenly spaced intervals. If you miss a dose of this medicine and you are taking 1 dose daily, take the missed dose if you remember the same day. Skip the missed dose if you do not remember until the next day. Do not take 2 doses at once.

Cautions
Do not stop taking this medicine without first checking with your doctor. Keep all doctor and laboratory appointments while you are taking this medicine. Before you have any medical or dental treatments, emergency care, or surgery, tell the doctor or dentist that you are using this medicine. This medicine may cause drowsiness. Do not drive, operate machinery, or do anything else that could be dangerous until you know how you react to this medicine. This medicine will add to the effects of alcohol and other depressants. Ask your pharmacist if you have questions about which medicines are depressants.

Before you begin taking any new medicine, either prescription or over-the-counter, check with your doctor or pharmacist. This includes aspirin. For women: this medicine has been shown to cause harm to the human fetus. If you plan on becoming pregnant, discuss with your doctor the benefits and risks of using this medicine during pregnancy. This medicine is excreted in breast milk. If you are or will be breast-feeding while you are using this medicine, check with your doctor or pharmacist to discuss the risks to your baby.

Possible side effects
Side effects, that may go away during treatment, include nausea, indigestion, drowsiness, or hair loss. If they continue or are bothersome, check with your doctor.

Contact your doctor immediately if you experience the following side effects or symptoms of toxicity: diarrhea, abdominal cramps, bruising, change in weight, tremor, changes in mood or behavior, change in menstrual period, swelling of the face, loss of appetite, extreme tiredness, yellowing of skin or eyes, unusual weakness, mental changes, or severe stomach pain with nausea and vomiting. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist.

If you take too much
If overdose is suspected, contact your local poison control center or emergency room immediately. Symptoms of overdose may include deep sleep, irregular heartbeat, and loss of consciousness.

Additional information
Do not share this medicine with others for whom it was not prescribed. Do not use this medicine for other health conditions.

Keep this medicine out of the reach of children. If using this medicine for an extended period of time, obtain refills before your supply runs out.

Drug interactions
Drug interactions can result in unwanted side effects or prevent a medicine from doing its job. Some medicines or medical conditions may interact with this medicine. Inform your doctor or pharmacist of all prescription and over-the-counter medicine that you are taking.

Albenza or albendazole

Albenza - General Information:

A benzimidazole broad-spectrum anthelmintic structurally related to mebendazole that is effective against many diseases. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p38)
Pharmacology: Albenza is a broad-spectrum anthelmintic. The principal mode of action for albendazole is by its inhibitory effect on tubulin polymerization which results in the loss of cytoplasmic microtubules.

Albenza for patients

Albenza Interactions

Dexamethasone: Steady-state trough concentrations of albendazole sulfoxide were about 56% higher when 8 mg dexamethasone was coadministered with each dose of albendazole (15 mg/kg/day) in eight neurocysticercosis patients.

Praziquantel: In the fed state, praziquantel (40 mg/kg) increased mean maximum plasma concentration and area under the curve of albendazole sulfoxide by about 50% in healthy subjects (n=10) compared with a separate group of subjects (n=6) given albendazole alone. Mean T _max and mean plasma elimination half-life of albendazole sulfoxide were unchanged. The pharmacokinetics of praziquantel were unchanged following coadministration with albendazole (400 mg).

Cimetidine: Albendazole sulfoxide concentrations in bile and cystic fluid were increased (about 2-fold) in hydatid cyst patients treated with cimetidine (10 mg/kg/day) (n=7) compared with albendazole (20 mg/kg/day) alone (n=12). Albendazole sulfoxide plasma concentrations were unchanged 4 hours after dosing.

Theophylline: The pharmacokinetics of theophylline (aminophylline 5.8 mg/kg infused over 20 minutes) were unchanged following a single oral dose of albendazole (400 mg) in 6 healthy subjects.

Albenza Contraindications

Albenza (albendazole) is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the benzimidazole class of compounds or any components of Albenza.

Zyrtec or Cetirizine

Drug Uses
Zyrtec is an antihistamine. Antihistamines prevent sneezing, runny nose, itching and watering of the eyes, and other allergic symptoms. Zyrtec is used to treat allergies, hives (urticaria), and other allergic inflammatory conditions.

How Taken
Zyrtec comes as a tablet to take it orally. It usually is taken once a day. It may be taken regularly or when allergy symptoms flare up. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take Zyrtec exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor.

Warnings/Precautions
Before taking this medication, tell your doctor if you have kidney or liver disease. You may need a lower dose or special monitoring during your therapy with Zyrtec. Zyrtec is in the FDA pregnancy category B. This means that it is unlikely to harm an unborn baby. Do not take Zyrtec without first talking to your doctor if you are pregnant. Zyrtec passes into breast milk and may affect a nursing baby. Do not take Zyrtec without first talking to your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby. If you are over 60 years of age, you may be more likely to experience side effects from Zyrtec. You may require a lower dose of this medication.

Missed Dose
If you forget to take a dose, do not take an extra tablet to catch up for the dose you forgot. Wait and take your next tablet at the regular time. Do not take more tablets than your doctor prescribed.

Possible Side Effects
Stop taking Zyrtec and seek emergency medical attention if you experience an allergic reaction (difficulty breathing; closing of your throat; swelling of your lips, tongue, or face; or hives). Other, less serious side effects may be more likely to occur. Continue to take Zyrtec and talk to your doctor if you experience sleepiness, fatigue, or dizziness; headache; or dry mouth. Side effects other than those listed here may also occur. Talk to your doctor about any side effect that seems unusual or that is especially bothersome.

Storage
Store at 20-25°C (68-77°F); excursions permitted to 15-30°C (59-86°F).

Overdose
Seek emergency medical attention. Symptoms of a Zyrtec overdose are not well known, but extreme sleepiness, confusion, and weakness may be expected.

More Information
Use caution when driving, operating machinery, or performing other hazardous activities. Zyrtec may cause dizziness or drowsiness. If you experience dizziness or drowsiness, avoid these activities. Use alcohol cautiously. Alcohol may increase drowsiness and dizziness while you are taking Zyrtec.

Disclaimer
This drug information is for your information purposes only, it is not intended that this information covers all uses, directions, drug interactions, precautions, or adverse effects of your medication. This is only general information, and should not be relied on for any purpose. It should not be construed as containing specific instructions for any particular patient. We disclaim all responsibility for the accuracy and reliability of this information, and/or any consequences arising from the use of this information, including damage or adverse consequences to persons or property, however such damages or consequences arise. No warranty, either expressed or implied, is made in regards to this information.

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Biggest mistakes people make in Acne cases !!

Despite nobody knows for sure, there's good reason to trust that none of the millions of people who are suffering or have suffered from acne has refrained from picking open or squeezing their pimples. In fact, it seems to be one of the most frequent actions among those people whose faces or bodies are covered with bad-looking red spots. It is also one of the worst possible ideas. Serious pimples should never be squeezed or picked open by a person himself. This is a job for a dermatologist and to be performed only if he thinks it necessary. The main reason is that a pimple that has been squeezed or picked open is practically an invitation to every bacteria around to enter your body and cause an infection through the tiny opening in your skin. If you think the danger is negligible, you are not right.

At the very least your action is a sure way of causing future pimples to emerge in the same spot. Most likely, by tampering with your pimples in less than sterile conditions will result in permanent scarring, as the damaged skin closes around the gaping hole formerly known as a pimple. While I may seem to joke about it, let me assure you that this issue is very important. I know that it's very hard to resist the temptation to squeeze your pimples in an attempt to eliminate at least the worst of them, but you should try as hard as you can to resists. Believe me, you don't want to spend the rest of your life with the scars of past acne flare-ups crisscrossing your face. This is why it's very important to deal with acne in a decisive manner and prevent the emergence of pimples.

Does alcohol and smoking effect on my body skin?

Next to sun and chemicals, tobacco is one of the major accelerators of your skin’s natural ageing process and it’s thought to be one of the fastest acting threats. Although smoking is best known for causing lung cancer, this habit is also among the biggest threats to your skin. Young people start showing signs of early skin aging after as little as 10 years of smoking. If you think this is a long period of time, you should keep in mind that many young people start smoking in their teen years (16-19 year olds) and are still below 30 when the first signs appear.

The same Vitamin A is used in the skin turnover process to help generate the new cells that replace the dead ones. The vitamin provides a temporary boost in the production of collagen and can lend the skin a more youthful appearance for a while.

Smoking causes the narrowing of blood vessels throughout your body, including those that supply the outermost layers of the skin with oxygen and nutrients. Thus, your skin is slowly starved of vital oxygen and other substances, such as immunity-boosting Vitamin A. Alcohol has a similar effect by destroying the body’s supply of Vitamin A. This will lower your skin’s role as the first line of defense against bacteria and infections. Over time, the lack of oxygen and nutrients would allow the formation of harmful free radicals that slowly damage the elastic fibers and collagen, which keep the skin strong and flexible.

The result is usually the appearance of premature wrinkles. It is also thought likely that the repeated pursing of lips when inhaling smoke helps build wrinkles around the mouth, while the heat of the burning cigarette tip is also damaging the skin.

The bottom line is that every person who wants to enjoy healthy skin for as long as possible should refrain from alcohol and tobacco consumption and should also take the basic steps in skin protection. There’s no reason to harm yourself with unhealthy smoking and drinking and to damage your face with premature wrinkles. It’s so simple to stay healthy.

Herbal home remedies that can help clear skin and rebalance

Dandelion (root) Taraxacum offcinale

Dandelion is a common meadow herb of the Asteraceae or sunflower family that has general detoxifying qualities, making it effective in the treatment of skin blemishes and papules treatment. This common yard plant contains much that is beneficial to our bodies: bitter compounds, choline, inulin, minerals such as calcium, sodium, silicic acid, sulfur, and a high concentration of potassium and in the fresh leaves. In skin care and cosmetics, it helps clear up acne, eczema, and other skin eruptions.

Burdock (root) Arctium lappa

Burdock is a thistled plant native to the Northern USA, Europe and Asia. The roots and leaves of this plant have been used for centuries as a remedy against skin cancer, acne, eczema, and other skin ailments and diseases. It is mildly antibiotic and can help restore smoothness to the skin.

Yellow Dock (root) Rumex crispus

Yellow dock, a general systemic toner, when combined with sarsaparilla, provides a treatment for chronic skin disorders. Its active ingredients such as the astringent tannis and the antimicrobial properties of the purgative anthraquinones combine to make decoctions of the plant useful in treating skin diseases such as psoriasis and eczema, as well as skin rashes.

Sarsaparilla (root) Smiilax offcinalls

Sarsaparilla is a perennial trailing vine with prickly stems indigenous to tropical America and the West Indies. Generally classified as a blood purifier, sarsaparilla is combined with yellow dock to correct chronic skin ailments, especially psoriasis. Individuals suffering from psoriasis have been found to have high levels of endotoxins (cell wall fragments of normal gut bacteria) circulating in the bloodstream. Sarsaponin, one of sarsaparilla's main steroids was found to bind to these endotoxins and remove them, thus relieving the afflicted person from psoriasis. Other health conditions associated with high endotoxin levels include eczema, arthritis, and ulcerative colitis, and can be alleviated also with the use of sarsaparilla.

Purple Coneflower (powder) Echinacea Purpurea

Echinacea acts as a stimulant to the immune system by increasing the production of specific types of white blood cells and strengthening human cell walls so bacteria and viruses have a harder time getting into cells. Using this herb can protect one against inflammatory conditions of the skin. These wildflowers originally grew wild on the plains of the United States and Canada, but they are now being cultivated in Europe and parts of Asia, as well as in North America. They are taken orally to enhance immune system response and to lessen the duration and symptoms of colds and flu. When applied to the skin, they can relieve conditions such as eczema, insect bites, and psoriasis. Purple Coneflower can also inhibit bacteria and the formation of pus.

Red Clover (blossom) Trifolium Pratense

Traditionally used to expel toxins from the bloodstream, red clover is prized for being an effective treatment of skin problems because of its high dosage of vitamin B-complex. In folk medicine, fresh red clover flowers have been chopped or mashed and applied directly to skin inflammations such as insect bites. More recently, creams, lotions, or ointments containing red clover extract have been under observation for treating psoriasis and other skin conditions.

Licorice (root) Glycyrrhiza glaba

The ingestion of licorice in the proper quantities reduces inflammation and redness of the skin. It has also been used in poultices for treatment of dermatitis and skin infections. Licorice is used in combination with other cleansing and healing herbs as an emollient also used a cosmetic skin lightener.

Atlantic Kelp (powder) Ascophyllum nodosum

Atlantic Kelp is rich in compounds that have specific use in the cosmetic industry, such as polygalactosides, fucose polymers and ursolic acid. These compounds contain abundant non-essential and essential amino acids such as proline, glycine and lycine -- all of which are also found in the elastic fibers of the skin -- and maintain and improve skin elasticity by improving hydration. This unique seaweed grows exclusively on the North Atlantic coast of North America and Europe and is highly valued as a detoxifier and blood purifier. Its anti-inflammatory properties also benefit blemishes of the skin.

Cayenne (40 HU) Capsicum Fructescens

The hot and spicy taste of cayenne pepper is primarily due to an ingredient known as capsaicin which when applied topically to the skin can relieve pain and itching by acting on sensory nerves. This same dulling property can reduce itching and inflammation associated with psoriasis. Cayenne functions as a carrier agent that can stimulate and assist the movement of the other ingredients to the sebaceous glands and pores of the skin.

How hormones affect zits and skin ?

Teens are more likely to suffer from breakouts because at the onset of puberty, their bodies start to produce androgens. These "male" hormones are a natural part of development for both boys and girls, but boys tend to produce more of them, resulting in more severe breakouts. After about age 20, sebum production begins to decrease but it can flare up again at any age.

Implicated in a wide range of conditions and illnesses, hormones also play a role in the development of acne - inflammation of the skin that causes blackheads, whiteheads, and red spots usually called "pimples" or "zits." Androgens, hormones that are secreted in different amounts by both men and women, play a huge role in most cases of acne. Androgens stimulate the hormone-sensitive sebaceous glands, which produce oil known as sebum. Sebum, in turn, has been labeled as "the fuel that feeds the flame of acne."

Due to the presence of androgens, your oil glands go into overdrive. They produce extra oil, which block your follicles and clump together with the dead skin cells on the top layer of your skin. When this sticky mixture works its way into your pores, it acts just like a cork in a bottle -- trapping oil and bacteria inside.

Unfortunately, your oil glands cannot determine when to stop so they keep producing oil thus making the follicle swollen. Your body's natural defense system - white blood cells - rush to the area to produce an enzyme that damages the wall of the follicle, allowing the contents of the follicle to enter the dermis. This process causes an inflammatory response that results in either red, painful bumps (papules); blackheads and whiteheads (comedones); pimples or acne. Contrary to common belief, this condition has nothing to do with what you eat, or how often you wash your face.

Dermatologists point out that dietary factors neither cause nor cure acne. In almost all cases, the food you eat has almost nothing to do with your acne, except for those containing iodine and muscle-enhancing steroids. If you ingest a large amount of iodine like mineral pills, your acne will likely flare up. Steroids have also been known to cause a type of acne referred to as steroid acne.

Hormones affect acne but having acne is not a sign of a hormonal imbalance. Changes in hormones, such as the specific point in your menstrual cycle (ovulation vs. having your period), pregnancy, or menopause all are normal, yet all can cause dramatic changes in your skin condition.

Female hormone levels change and vary throughout the monthly cycle. These fluctuations do cause acne to flare and diminish depending on the time of the month. The most effective way to treat menstrual cycle acne is to treat the acne itself by applying topical medications, oral antibiotics, or even changing or adjusting a birth control pill since the hormones found in these contraceptives are also related to flare-ups of acne.

Several symptoms can help your dermatologist identify hormonally-influenced acne: adult-onset acne, or breakouts that appear for the first time in adults; acne flare-ups preceding the menstrual cycle; a history of irregular menstrual cycles, increased facial oiliness; Hirsutism (excessive growth of hair, or hair in unusual places); and elevated levels of certain androgens in the blood stream.

Common Acne Myths !

You can try to ask people’s advice regarding your acne and chances are, they would probably tell you that it is due to your poor hygiene, diet or that you are in love. However, skin experts are actually dismissing those as nothing but myths. The best way to handle your acne problems is to instruct yourself and make sure you know the list of the common acne myths that people often bump into.

• Acne is caused by poor hygiene. A great number of people really believe that acne is caused by poor hygiene; therefore they tend to over-wash their skin. However, washing too often and too aggressively can strip the skin of its natural lipids, damaging the skin's natural barrier function. As a result, the follicle will produce excess sebum and possibly additional breakouts. So unless you get yourself dirty on regular basis (like a mechanic, perhaps), do not over-wash your face.
• Acne is caused by certain foods. The common misconception is that eating junk food will lead to or worsen an acne condition. Scientific researches have shown that diet has little to no effect on acne. This varies depending on the person. While eating healthy and balanced diet is encouraged for our health, there is really no scientific evidence that connects certain foods to acne. If you are one of those who are affected by certain foods, it is always wise to avoid them.
• You can outgrow your acne. It is much more sensible to treat your acne immediately to avoid emotional stress and permanent scarring.
• Acne is just a little problem, no need to overreact. It is embarrassing to have acne, thus can affect our confidence and esteem. It may even affect our social relation and job performance.
• Getting a tan would clear up acne. While sun exposure may dry out existing acne, it will not prevent new ones from forming. It can also over dry the skin thus sebaceous glands will produce more oil that will ultimately worsen your condition. It will also increase your risk of skin cancer and wrinkles.
• The sun will help get rid of acne. The sun may work in the short-term to hurry the clearing of existing acne while reddening your skin, thus blending your skin tone with red acne marks. Sun exposure may cause irritation which can make acne even worse.
• Acne is just a cosmetic disease. Heavy and oily make up may contribute to acne build up. However, cosmetics labeled non-comedogenic or non-acnegenic might actually contain benzoyl peroxide and salicylic acid that may help to fight acne.
• Stress can cause acne. While over stress may actually produce hormones that can aggravate acne; normal, everyday stress does not really trigger acne.

So any time somebody tells you one of those things, nicely correct them and share what you know. Knowledge is power!

Different Acne Treatments

Acne is the most common skin disorder known our-days. In the United States alone, nearly 60 million people are infected with acne, while 85 per cent of teenagers suffer from it.

Skin experts and practitioners recommend several natural acne treatments. Here are some that we have compiled just for you.

• Wash your face twice a day (thrice at most) with gentle and unperfumed cleanser. Avoid using soaps as they contain harsh chemicals and ingredients that can damage your skin.
  
• Avoid touching your face. Stop putting your hands by your face! I am often guilty of this resting my hand on the side of my head while reading. Also rubbing or bracing your chin is another common problem when thinking. Avoid rubbing, touching, or scratching your skin with your hands. Your hands contain a lot of bacteria that can cause acne flare-ups. It is probably one of the most difficult things to avoid since much of the hand to face contact throughout the day we are unconscious of. Make it a habit to avoid hand contact and be conscious of it during the day to avoid bacteria.
  
• Avoid the temptation to pick, prick and squeeze your acne. This will send the infection deeper into the skin and can cause severe scarring.
• For mild to moderate acne, you can use over-the-counter topical ointments, solutions, lotions or gels that contain benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid or azelaic acid as an alternative to benzoyl peroxide. Benzoyl peroxide is best at killing P. acnes and may reduce oil production. Resorcinol, salicylic acid, and sulfur help break down blackheads and whiteheads. Salicylic acid also helps cut down the shedding of cells lining the follicles of the oil glands.
  
• Topical antibiotic solutions and lotions can also be applied.
  
• Tea tree oil is a natural antibiotic and antibacterial agent and has a drying effect on the skin. It keeps the P. Acnes bacteria at bay along with decreasing facial oiliness, which makes this oil a worthwhile investment.
• Sulfur helps to heal existing blemishes by unblocking pores.
  
• Alpha or Beta Hydroxy Acids (AHA or BHA) works by keeping the skin exfoliated. Glycolic acid, the most well known of the bunch is a useful adjuvant therapy for mild acne. Mandelic acid, a lesser known one, but one that combines the keratolytic properties of glycolic acid, with natural antibacterial properties that help reduce the presence of P. acnes, may be considered a more effective alpha hydroxy acid in treating acne lesions. It is also much less irritating than glycolic acid, a factor that may be very important to those with sensitive skin who are unable to use other agents such as Retin-A (Tretinoin), benzoyl peroxide, sulfur, or salicylic acid. It is effective in treating mild cases of acne on its own, and can be used successfully with other therapies on moderate acne.

These treatments are usually effective for mild to moderate acne problems only. The effectiveness usually takes several weeks or approximately three to six months to be noticed. For more severe and serious acne conditions, do not hesitate to consult your dermatologist.

Negative Results of Acne

Acne is one of the most troublesome conditions of our times. While most people suffering from acne do not experience any kind of physical discomfort, they make up for this by psychological scarring. This effect has not been studied in depth because acne is a common, non-threatening condition that comes and goes on its own and any psychological effects attached to it were not seen as particularly important.

However, acne has a stronger than suspected impact on the lives of people today. Studies conducted by researchers showed that people suffering from acne also display:

• Low self-confidence

• Frustration

• Feelings of inadequacy

• Depression

• Refusal to socialize

• Low self-esteem

These effects are triggered by the negative effect acne has on looks and the resulting apprehension of negative reactions from others. People suffering from acne can end up living unsatisfying lives and fail in school, jobs and social interaction.

Easy Home Remedies for Beautiful Skin

If you feel really tired and confused of all the cosmetic products in the market? If you are frequently fooled by the hypes done by those big cosmetic manufacturers who are spending billions of dollars each year to satisfy your quest, then you might consider computing the amount of money that you have spent. How much does each trip to the drugstore cost? How many bottles of products did you buy aimed to cleanse, tone, moisturize, and exfoliate your skin? Does your bureau look a lot like a hospital medicine cabinet? The truth is, maintaining a beautiful skin does not have to be this complicated. There are natural ways to have that attractive skin you have always longed for at your refrigerator and kitchen. Moreover, they are not that expensive as those bottles of cosmetics that you are so fond of.

Easy Home Recipes for Healthy Skin for Every Day

• Needed - 1 tablespoon yeast, 1 tbsp. baking soda, 1 tbsp. water. Mix together ingredients and apply on face allowing it to sit for 15 minutes before rinsing it with warm water.
• Needed - one egg, a tablespoon of mayonnaise and a tablespoon of honey. Mix this together thoroughly with a fork and apply sparingly to the skin. Allow this to dry and then wipe off with a warm washcloth.
• Needed - 1 tbsp. of gram flour, 1/4 tsp. orange peel powder, 1 tbsp. beaten yogurt, 1 tsp. olive oil. Mix ingredients well and apply paste on your face and neck allowing it to dry. Rinse with warm running water first then cold water.
• Slices of cucumbers applied to the eyes refresh and relieve puffiness and they are great cleansers when sliced and rubbed over your face. The same holds true for slices of fresh tomatoes.
• You will need one-fourth tsp. of lime juice stir to mix with one tsp. of milk and cucumber juice. Apply on the face and neck and wash off after 14 minutes. This cleanses and purifies pores of skin.
• Make a paste by mixing papaya, honey, milk and milk powder. Apply on the face and let sit for a few minutes then wash off.
• You will need 1/2 tsp of rose water mixed with 1 tsp of honey. Gently apply to the face. Leave it for about 15-20 minutes, then wash off with tepid water. Honey moisturizes and soothes dry skin, and is gentle enough for daily use.

Finding your skin type !

Speaking of health care it is very important to realize what type of skin we have. Your safety depends on correct information, which is the basis of accurate decisions. Skin type determines which sunscreen soap, and makeup you can use and how much you need to help your biggest organ. Those environmental factors such as pollution, UV radiation and chemicals may damage your skin and block its normal functions.

Normal Skin: Normal skin is soft, elastic and firm to the touch. This is also considered the standard type of skin that all people should have. In size all pores are small to medium. It doesn’t need any special care, unless exposed to dangerous environment factors.

Oily Skin: This type of skin has a shiny look and is firmer than normal skin. Pores are bigger, more visible and acnes are far more likely to appear, due to the extra oil produced by glands.

Dry Skin: This type of skin is firmer than normal skin, but not as elastic. Dry skin is a lot less likely to develop acnes because the secretion of oil is lower than normal. However, the drawback is that dry skin wrinkles sooner. Keep in mind that dry skin can be caused by certain factors. If your skin type is not dry, but you do feel your skin is tight, especially facial skin, and lacking in moisture, then try to identify the source of this change.

Certain types of soaps, heating, prolonged exposure to wind, insufficient water consumption and certain disorders can also dry your skin.

Sensitive Skin: If you burn very easy in the sun and wind, and if cosmetics have always caused rashes and if your skin is irritated by almost anything, then it belongs to the sensitive type. You are far more prone to experience the unfavorable effects of exposure to the environment than other people.

Combination Skin: This is the most unique and rare type of skin. Combination Skin means that different parts of the same person’s skin belong to different types. A common pattern is the “T-Zone”, where the forehead, nose and chin form a “T”-shaped zone of oily skin, while the cheeks are normal or dry.

How Acne Happens?

Yours skin is the largest organ of your body. It protects your body from heat and cold and regulates the body's temperature.

Yours skin is made up of millions of pores. Deep within each pore are glands which produce selbum. Selbum keeps your skin moist and elastic.

What's acne? Who gets acne?

Different types of acne

The most well-known enemy of almost all teenagers and of a good number of adults is acne. Acne is the frequently used name for pores blocked by sebum, known as whiteheads and blackheads, nodules, pimples or cysts that may appear on the face, shoulders, chest, neck, back, legs and arms. Most part of adults and teenagers suffer from acne for more or less extended period of time. The condition is not confined to any age group, race, or sex. It affects hundreds of millions of people across the world. The biggest problems with acne are the unpleasant look of pimples and the scars they may leave behind.

Although pimples are by far the most common form of acne and the one most people are likely to encounter or suffer from, you should known that there are other forms as well. Acne Vulgaris is the most common form of acne which includes several types of pimples. These acne lesions include blackheads, whiteheads, papules, pustules, nodules and cysts.

Lesions are small patches of skin affected by acne, although the term lesion is not restricted to the changes produced by acne in skin tissues. Acne lesions are the external form of comedones, the sebaceous follicles plugged by excess sebum.

Comedones are known as blackheads and whiteheads, depending on whether the pore is open or not.

Blackhead – is a pore whose distended openings is partially blocked, allowing some of the keratin, sebum (oil) and bacteria to drain to the surface. Dirt not always causes the black color. It is a reaction of melanin (skin's pigment) with the oxygen in the air. Blackheads tend to have a constant structure, and it may take a pretty long time to clear.

Whitehead – is a closed pore filled with trapping sebum, bacteria, dead skin cells, causing a white look on the surface. These acne lesions sometimes seem to be easy popped. Make sure you know how to do that in a proper way before you try.

Papules – is a small inflamed elevation, red, tender bumps with no pus. Very small papules can also appear in clusters, due to the tissue’s response to acne. Squeezing a papule is dangerous and may intensify scarring.

Pustules – are small inflamed elevations, look like whiteheads, and appear as red circles with white or yellow spot center. Pustules are usually formed around sebaceous follicles and hair. Please make sure to know how to squeeze such a lesion correct.

Maculae – a macula is a red spot on the skin left behind by an acne lesion. Maculae are flat, red and stand out against the surrounding skin. A group of maculae gives the face an inflamed aspect.

Nodule – is a solid lesion, consists of acne spots which are the most painful lesions caused by acne and can sometimes last for months. Nodules tend to extend into the deeper layers of the skin and are known to lead to tissue destruction. Don’t try to pop such a lesion, otherwise you may cause severe trauma and the lesion may last for much longer time than it normally would. Nodular acne is a severe form of acne that is treated only with isotretinonin.

Cyst – is a lesion shaped like capsules and contains liquid or semi-liquid pus similar to that found in pustules. Crusts are much larger than pustules, having a diameter of 5 mm or more across. They can also easily get infected and cause even more painful inflammation when squeezing them. Again, scarring is common with cystic acne. Nodulocystic acne is probably the worst type of acne known to man. Most part of dermatologists suggest isotretinoin (the substance obtained from Vitamin A) as the only effective treatment.

Who gets acne?

Believe it or not, nearly everybody in the world gets pimples. When the body shifts into higher gear and puberty begins at the age of 12, hormones start taking over. It doesn’t matter if you’re a man or a woman. It doesn’t matter where you come from and who your parents were. I have never heard of a person who had stayed blemish-free in all the years of his or her life. Whether it’s food or pollution, something is bound to upset your hormonal balance sooner or later.

More than 40 percent of all teens develop cases of acne severe enough to warrant medical treatment. Most cases are usually solved without the need for fancy treatments, although more than one trip to the doctor is required.

However, modern medicine has produced a wide range of prescription and over-the-counter products to help people deal with their acne without unnecessary pain. However, not all acne cases can be treated quite that easily. Acne comes and goes on its own, between the age of twelve and twenty-three, but some people develop severe forms of acne, while others get acne for the first time as adults. This is mostly the case for men. Because of the higher level of androgens in their systems, men are far more likely than women to suffer from acne. In women, acne is associated with their fertility cycle and the hormonal changes it entails.

While most cases of acne are confined to the facial skin, most of the people suffering from this condition experience at least the occasional blackhead or pimple down the arms, on the back, the chest or even on the buttocks.

The social impact of acne is huge. The unpleasant sight of pimples makes many people run to the near drugstore or pharmacy because of the perceived influence acne has in social relations. Every year, hundreds of millions of dollars are spent every year around the world on anti-acne products by people on five continents.

History of pharmacy !

Muslim pharmacy

In the field of pharmacy, the first drugstores were opened by Muslim pharmacists in Baghdad in 754, while the first apothecary shops were also founded by Muslim practitioners.

The advances made in the Middle East by Muslim chemists in botany and chemistry led Muslim physicians to substantially develop pharmacology. Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) (865-915), for instance, acted to promote the medical uses of chemical compounds. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) (936-1013) pioneered the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation. His Liber servitoris is of particular interest, as it provides the reader with recipes and explains how to prepare the `simples’ from which were compounded the complex drugs then generally used. Sabur Ibn Sahl (d 869), was, however, the first physician to initiate pharmacopoedia, describing a large variety of drugs and remedies for ailments. Al-BiruniKitab al-Saydalah (The Book of Drugs), where he gave detailed knowledge of the properties of drugs and outlined the role of pharmacy and the functions and duties of the pharmacist. Ibn SinaThe Canon of Medicine. Of great impact were also the works by al-Maridini of Baghdad and Cairo, and Ibn al-Wafid (1008-1074), both of which were printed in Latin more than fifty times, appearing as De Medicinis universalibus et particularibus by `Mesue' the younger, and the Medicamentis simplicibus by `Abenguefit'. Peter of Abano (1250-1316) translated and added a supplement to the work of al-Maridini under the title De Veneris. Al-Muwaffaq’s contributions in the field are also pioneering. Living in the 10th century, he wrote The foundations of the true properties of Remedies, amongst others describing arsenious oxide, and being acquainted with silicic acid. He made clear distinction between sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate, and drew attention to the poisonous nature of copper compounds, especially copper vitriol, and also lead compounds. For the story, he also mentions the distillation of sea-water for drinking. (973-1050) wrote one of the most valuable Islamic works on pharmacology entitled (Avicenna), too, described no less than 700 preparations, their properties, mode of action and their indications. He devoted in fact a whole volume to simple drugs in

Japanese pharmacy

In ancient Japan, the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharamacists were highly respected. The place of pharmacists in society was expressly defined in the Taihō CodeYōrō Code (718). Ranked positions in the pre-Heian Imperial court were established; and this organizational structure remained largely intact until the Meiji Restoration (1868). In this highly stable hierarchy, the pharmacists -- and even pharmacist assistants -- were assigned status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists. In the Imperial household, the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the Emperor. (701) and re-stated in the

Pharmacists

Pharmacists are highly-trained and skilled healthcare professionals who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients. Many pharmacists are also small-business owners, owning the pharmacy in which they practice.

Pharmacists are represented internationally by the International Pharmaceutical Federationprofessional organisations such as the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB), the Pharmacy Guild of Australia (PGA), the Pakistan Pharmacists Society(PPS) and the American Pharmacists Association (APhA). See also: List of pharmacy associations. (FIP). They are represented at the national level by

In some cases, the representative body is also the registering body, which is responsible for the ethics of the profession. Since the Shipman Inquiry, there has been a move in the UK to separate the two roles.

Disciplines of Pharmacy !

The field of Pharmacy can generally be divided into three primary disciplines:

• Pharmaceutics
• Medicinal chemistry
• Pharmacognosy

Pharmacy practice The boundaries between these disciplines and with other sciences, such as biochemistry, are not always clear-cut; and often, collaborative teams from various disciplines research together.

Pharmacology is sometimes considered a fourth discipline of pharmacy. Although pharmacology is essential to the study of pharmacy, it is not specific to pharmacy. Therefore it is usually considered to be a field of the broader sciences.

There are various specialties of pharmacy practice. Specialization in pharmacy practice is typically based on the place of practice or practice roles including: community, hospital, clinical pharmacy, consultant, locum, drug information, regulatory affairs, industry, and academia.

Other specializations in pharmacy practice recognized by the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties include: cardiovascular, infectious disease, oncology, pharmacotherapy, nuclear, nutrition, and psychiatry.[1] The Commission for Certification in Geriatric Pharmacy certifies pharmacists in geriatric pharmacy practice. The American Board of Applied Toxicology certifies pharmacists and other medical professionals in applied toxicology.

What PHARMACY means?

Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον = drug) is the health profession that links the health sciences with the chemical sciences, and it is charged with ensuring the safe use of medication. The scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such as compounding and dispensing medications, and it also includes more modern services related to patient care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information. Pharmacists, therefore, are experts on drug therapy and are the primary health professionals who optimize medication use to provide patients with positive health outcomes. The term is also applied to an establishment used for such purposes. The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science was founded in 1821, the first school of its kind in the United States. The American Pharmaceutical Association was formed in 1851.